2gInorganic Chemistry
Acids, bases and salt preparations — Edexcel Linear - OL (Chemistry) Revision Notes & Topical Questions
10 min read 13 parts Lesson 6 of 23 1 quiz
Curriculum Equation Key معادلة تفاعل تكوين الإستر (الأسترة) - Esterification Reaction EquationFast Exam Solution
R-COOH + R2-OH ⇌ (conc. H₂SO₄) R-COO-R2 + H₂O
Word Equation & Conditions: حمض كربوكسيلي + كحول (في وجود حمض الكبريتيك المركز كعامل حفاز ونازع للماء) ⇌ إستر + ماء
Location & Specifications: الكيمياء العضوية للثانوية العامة والتحصيلي و Edexcel Chemistry.
Lesson summary
Acids, bases and salt preparations Edexcel O Level Linear Chemistry notes: know the general rules for predicting the solubility of ionic compounds in waterpH + pOH = 14 at 25 °C.Each pH unit is a tenfold change in H⁺.Indicatorslitmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange.know the gener…
- Acids, bases and salt preparations Edexcel O Level Linear Chemistry: what to do next
- Arrhenius acid
- Arrhenius base
- Brønsted–Lowry acid
- Brønsted–Lowry base
- Strong acid
Part 1 of 6Key ideas
pH + pOH = 14 at 25 °C.
Each pH unit is a tenfold change in H⁺.
Indicators
Indicators litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange.
Part 2 of 6Syllabus points
1
know the general rules for predicting the solubility of ionic compounds in water
- - common sodium
- potassium and ammonium compounds are soluble - all nitrates are soluble - common chlorides are soluble
- except those of silver and lead(II) - common sulfates are soluble
- except for those of barium
- calcium and lead(II) - common carbonates are insoluble
- except for those of sodium
- potassium and ammonium - common hydroxides are insoluble except for those of sodium
- potassium and calcium (calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble)
2
understand acids and bases in terms of proton transfer
3
understand that an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor describe the reactions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid with metals, bases and metal carbonates (excluding the reactions between nitric acid and metals) to form salts
4
know that metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia can act as bases, and that alkalis are bases that are soluble in water
5
describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt, starting from an insoluble reactant
6
practical: prepare a sample of pure, dry hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals starting from copper(II) oxide
Part 3 of 6Process & sequence
1
Put acid in a flask with indicator.
2
Add base from a burette.
3
Stop at the colour change (end point).
4
Record the volume.
5
Use M₁V₁ = M₂V₂ (with mole ratio).
- pH 0
- Strong acid
- pH 7 neutral
- Strong base pH 14
Part 4 of 6Summary
Summary
Brønsted–Lowry acids are proton donors.
A strong acid fully ionises.
Part 5 of 6Keep going
Acids, bases and salt preparations Edexcel O Level Linear Chemistry: what to do next
These Acids, bases and salt preparations Edexcel O Level Linear Chemistry notes covered the key ideas, worked examples and exam technique for this topic. Check your Acids, bases and salt preparations Edexcel O Level Linear Chemistry understanding with the practice questions below, then reread any Acids, bases and salt preparations Edexcel O Level Linear Chemistry point you were unsure about before moving on.
2
Previous lesson: 2f Acids, alkalis and titrations — Notes
3
Next lesson: 2h Chemical tests — Notes
5
Official syllabus: Pearson Edexcel International GCSEs
Part 6 of 6Compare: Compare
| Type | Example | Ionisation | pH (0.1 M) | Conductivity | Reaction with metal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strong acid | HCl | Complete | 1 | High | H₂ gas |
| Weak acid | Ethanoic acid | Partial | ~3 | Low | Slow H₂ |
| Strong base | NaOH | Complete | 13 | High | — |
| Weak base | NH₃ | Partial | ~11 | Low | — |
| Neutral | NaCl solution | — | 7 | High (ions) | — |
Key terms
Command terms
Command terms
Give / State / Name
Recall a fact; one idea per mark.
Define
Give the exact meaning using the specification keywords.
Describe
Give an account of what happens / the pattern in data, quoting values; no reasons needed.
Explain
Give reasons with linked statements (cause → effect). Each linked step is usually a separate marking point.
Suggest
Use knowledge in a new context; more than one answer may be accepted.
Compare
Similarities and differences; each point must refer to both items.
Calculate
Show working; include units; check significant figures. Method marks are given even if the final answer is wrong.
Discuss
Explore the issue from different angles and link the points.
Evaluate / Assess
Weigh strengths and weaknesses and reach a supported judgement.
Deduce
Draw a conclusion from the information given.
Justify
Support a statement/choice with evidence.
Exam technique
Keywords the mark scheme looks for in this lesson
Keywords the mark scheme looks for in this lesson
Arrhenius acid · Arrhenius base · Brønsted–Lowry acid · Brønsted–Lowry base · pH · Strong acid · Weak acid · Neutralisation
Learn each definition in the Key words tab exactly; a missing keyword in a definition usually loses the mark.
How to get full marks (examiner guidance)
How to get full marks (examiner guidance)
Use specification keywords exactly (e.g. electronegativity, nucleophile, dynamic equilibrium, activation energy).
Link ideas
Link ideas for “explain” each marking point is usually a cause → consequence step; unlinked facts often score nothing.
Use the information in the question
“discuss/evaluate” answers must use the data provided and match the number of marks.
Convert units carefully (mg → g, cm³ → dm³) and show working for calculations.
Avoid vague words
“it”, “stuff”, “things”, “goes up”, “energy is made”. Name the substance and the process.
Do not extrapolate a graph line beyond the data or to zero unless asked.
Six-mark extended responses are marked on content AND a logical, linked line of reasoning.
Marked practiceQuizzes for this lesson
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