Point 4 of 5 — Lesson 9: The French Campaign on Egypt and the Levant — Causes and the State of Egypt before the CampaignQuestion bank: 0 questions (0 with pictures)
04The social state of Egypt before the Campaign
The rulers and the ruled
Point of comparison
The rulers
The ruled
Who they were
Turks and Mamluk beys
Egyptians: sheikhs, ulema and merchants, then peasants, small craftsmen and ordinary people
Their condition
Authority and influence; they lived inisolationfrom the people
Sheikhs, ulema and merchants formed a middle stratum; the rest lived in poverty and ignorance
Ignorance spread, andsuperstition and sorceryprevailed.
The only glimmer of the light of learning left was at al-Azhar al-Sharif.
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