Dabour Hub EGEgyptian Curriculum 2026/2027
Fifth: communication protocols and the TCP/IP model

Fifth: communication protocols and the TCP/IP model

Point 5 of 11 — Lesson 4: Computer Networks, Cloud Computing and Prompt EngineeringQuestion bank: 0 questions (0 with pictures)

05 Fifth: communication protocols and the TCP/IP model

  • A protocol is an agreed set of rules that lets devices understand each other; without it two machines cannot communicate.
  • The TCP/IP suite works in four layers: the application layer (the service the user sees, such as HTTP, SMTP, FTP), the transport layer (TCP and UDP: segmentation, ports, reliability), the internet layer (IP: addressing and routing) and the network-access layer (the physical link and its hardware).

Steps of transmitting data over the Internet

  • Split the data to be sent into packets.
  • Attach the sender's and the receiver's IP addresses in the header of each packet.
  • Choose the best route for each packet and deliver it to its destination — this is routing.
  • At the receiving end, if packets are lost their retransmission is requested, then the packets are reordered until the data is complete.

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