Point 6 of 6 — Lesson 13: Economy and Society under Muhammad Ali – The Monopoly SystemQuestion bank: 0 questions (0 with pictures)
06Development of social conditions
The forces that vanished, weakened or appeared
The influence of theMamluksas a ruling bodyended; in their place came thefamily of Muhammad Ali and some Turkish elements.
The influence of theulema of al-Azhar and the popular leaders shrank, and leadershippassed from al-Azhar to the graduates of the new schools.
The class ofnotables (a'ayan)appeared — the large and middle landowners — and their powergrew from the mid-nineteenth centuryas property rights were widened.
Theindustrial workers' class appeared in the state's large factories, while the craft guilds continued in small industries as brokers for the government.
The class ofmerchants deteriorated because of the state's monopoly of trade: great merchant figures such asAhmed al-Maharagi disappeared, andforeign merchants and their agencies took their place as middlemen.
TheBedouinappeared as asettled social force: Muhammad Ali granted their leaders wide lands, and they gradually merged into civilised life.
Comparison table of monopoly in the three sectors
Point of comparison
Agriculture
Industry
Trade
What the government fixes
The kinds of crops grown
Raw materials, products and their prices
Prices and the buyers
The role of the state
Supplying seeds and tools and receiving the crop
State factories and supplying raw materials
Selling to foreigners and monopolising imports
Most important measures
Abolishing the iltizam, the Delta Barrages, the school of agriculture
Public-sector factories, missions, experts
Monopoly of exports and marketing of crops
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