Point 2 of 8 — The Molecular Structure of Water, Its Unique Properties and Water SustainabilityQuestion bank: 0 questions (0 with pictures)
02Laws and quantitative relations
Heat relation: Q = m·c·ΔT with cwater = 4184 J/(kg·°C) = 1 cal/(g·°C) — the highest specific heat of any common liquid.
Latent heat of vaporisation: 2,260 kJ/kg at 100 °C (≈ 540 cal/g); evaporation of 1 g of sweat removes about 580 cal from the skin.
Latent heat of fusion: 334 kJ/kg (80 cal/g) of ice.
Density: ρ = 1.000 g/cm³ at 4 °C (maximum), 0.917 g/cm³ for ice at 0 °C — ice is thereforeabout 9% lighterand floats.
Capillary rise: h = 2γcosθ/(ρgr) — the narrower the tube, the higher the rise.
Water footprint: consumption per capita per year; below1,000 m³a country is in water poverty, below500 m³ under absolute scarcity (Egypt is under this line and meets the gap by virtual-water imports).
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