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AP Biology - Laboratory review

OpenStax Biology for AP — Appendixes and Reference Tables — AP BIOLOGY Revision Notes & Topical Questions

5 min read 8 parts Lesson 3 of 3 Unit quiz

📚 AP BIOLOGY Hub / Topical Revision
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OpenStax Biology for AP — Appendixes and Reference Tables — AP BIOLOGY notes: Provide the reference formulas, geological time divisions and metric units used in AP Biology.QuantityFormula or ruleWater potentialΨ = Ψs + Ψp; Ψs = −iCRTEnzyme rateChange in product (or substrate) ÷ t…

  • Metric prefixes
  • Base units
  • Hypertonic
  • Genetic drift
  • Water always moves from higher to lower water potential
  • Enzyme rate falls when substrate runs out, at extreme pH, or above the optimum temperature because of denaturation

Section 1 of 8Reference formulas

QuantityFormula or rule
Water potentialΨ = Ψs + Ψp; Ψs = −iCRT
Enzyme rateChange in product (or substrate) ÷ time; slope of the linear part of the graph
Map distance (Sordaria)(% asci with crossing over) ÷ 2; 1 map unit = 1% recombination
Hardy-Weinbergp + q = 1; p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Population growthdN/dt = B − D; logistic dN/dt = rmaxN(K − N)/K
Simpson's indexD = 1 − Σ(n/N)2

Section 2 of 8Water and enzyme rules

Water and enzyme rules
Water moves from hypotonic (lower solute) to hypertonic (higher solute) regions.
Water always moves from higher to lower water potential.
Enzyme rate falls when substrate runs out, at extreme pH, or above the optimum temperature because of denaturation.

Section 3 of 8Conditions and qualitative rules

Conditions and qualitative rules
Transpiration is fastest in high light, high temperature, low humidity and wind.
DNA moves to the positive electrode, and moves faster with smaller fragments, higher voltage and lower-percentage agarose.
Transformed cells with an ampicillin-resistance plasmid grow on ampicillin agar; cells without the plasmid do not.

Section 4 of 8Evolution rules

Evolution rules
Random removal of individuals changes allele frequencies by chance, which is genetic drift (a bottleneck).
Breeding only the darkest flowers is artificial selection and shifts the trait distribution in one direction.

Section 5 of 8Geological time

1
The geological time scale divides Earth's history into eons, eras and periods.
2
The eons are the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
3
The Phanerozoic includes the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.
4
The Chicxulub impact about 66 million years ago marks the end of the Mesozoic era.

Section 6 of 8Metric system

Metric system
Metric prefixes
  • Metric prefixes kilo = 103, centi = 10−2, milli = 10−3, micro = 10−6, nano = 10−9.
Base units
  • Base units metre for length, kilogram for mass, second for time, and kelvin for temperature.

Section 7 of 8Key terms

TermMeaning
HypertonicHaving a higher solute concentration.
AscusSac holding eight ascospores in Sordaria.
Map unitOne per cent recombination.
PlasmidSmall circular DNA used as a vector.
Genetic driftRandom change in allele frequencies.
Water potentialMeasure of the tendency of water to move; Ψ = Ψs + Ψp.

Section 8 of 8Exam technique

1
Saying water moves toward low solute concentration — it moves toward high solute concentration
2
Giving map distance as the percentage of crossover asci — divide by 2
3
Predicting DNA moves to the negative electrode — it moves to the positive electrode
4
Writing p + q = 1 for genotype frequencies — p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 is for genotypes

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