Skip to content
Dabour HubLEARN · PRACTICE · EXPLORESign inStudent

1.3Structure of Matter

Bonding — EST 2 Chemistry Revision Notes & Topical Questions

5 min read 7 parts Lesson 3 of 5 1 quiz

📚 EST 2 Chemistry Hub / Topical Revision
🩺
100% Curriculum Specification Match Lesson Doctor Verified
The only platform with 100% curriculum specification match and verified interactive question banks.
Curriculum Equation Key قوانين الرقم الهيدروجيني والاتزان الأيوني - pH & Acid-Base Equilibrium FormulasFast Exam Solution
pH = -log[H⁺] | pOH = -log[OH⁻] | pH + pOH = 14 | [H⁺][OH⁻] = 10⁻¹⁴
Word Equation & Conditions: الرقم الهيدروجيني = -لوغاريتم تركيز أيون الهيدروجين | pH + pOH = 14
Location & Specifications: الاتزان الأيوني، كيمياء 3 ثانوي، التحصيلي، و AP Chemistry.
0%read
Lesson summary

Bonding EST Chemistry notes: Distinguish ionic, covalent and metallic bonding.Symmetrical molecules like CO2 are nonpolar even with polar bonds.Bond energytriple > double > single; bond length is the reverse.Resonance structures describe delocalised electrons, as in O3.Some molec…

  • Bonding EST Chemistry: what to do next
  • Ionic bond
  • Covalent bond
  • Lewis structure
  • VSEPR theory
  • Hybridization

Part 1 of 7Key ideas

Symmetrical molecules like CO2 are nonpolar even with polar bonds.
Bond energy
Bond energy triple > double > single; bond length is the reverse.
Resonance structures describe delocalised electrons, as in O3.
Some molecules break the octet rule, such as BF3 and SF6.
sp, sp2, sp3 match 2, 3 and 4 electron domains.

Part 2 of 7Learning objectives

Learning objectives
Distinguish ionic, covalent and metallic bonding.
Draw Lewis structures.
Predict molecular shapes and polarity.

Part 3 of 7Essential knowledge

1
Ionic solids conduct only when molten or dissolved.
2
Metals are malleable because the electron sea allows layers to slide.
3
Sigma bonds form first; pi bonds make double and triple bonds.
4
Formal charge helps choose the best Lewis structure.
5
Lone pairs compress bond angles.

Part 4 of 7Process & sequence

1
Count total valence electrons.
2
Place the least electronegative atom in the centre.
3
Connect atoms with single bonds.
4
Complete octets with lone pairs; form multiple bonds if needed.
5
Use VSEPR to predict shape and polarity.

Drawing a Lewis structurewrite these steps in this order; each step is a marking point.

1
Count valence electrons
2
Pick central atom
3
Single bonds
4
Complete octets
5
Predict shape

Part 5 of 7Summary

Summary
Ionic: transfer; covalent: sharing.
Shape comes from VSEPR.
Polarity needs polar bonds and an asymmetric shape.

Part 6 of 7Keep going

Bonding EST Chemistry: what to do next

These Bonding EST Chemistry notes covered the key ideas, worked examples and exam technique for this topic. Check your Bonding EST Chemistry understanding with the practice questions below, then reread any Bonding EST Chemistry point you were unsure about before moving on.

1
Practice: Bonding EST Chemistry practice questions
2
Previous lesson: 1.2 The periodic table
3
Next lesson: 1.4 Molecular Geometry & Intermolecular Forces — EST II Notes
4
Course: EST 2 Chemistry — all units
5
Official syllabus: OpenStax free science textbooks

Bonding EST Chemistry revision notes

Part 7 of 7Compare: Compare

VSEPR shapes
Electron domainsLone pairsShapeAngleExample
20Linear180°CO2
30Trigonal planar120°BF3
40Tetrahedral109.5°CH4
41Trigonal pyramidal~107°NH3
42Bent~104.5°H2O
Bond type by electronegativity difference
DifferenceBond
0 – 0.4Nonpolar covalent
0.4 – 1.7Polar covalent
> 1.7Mainly ionic

Key terms

Command terms

Command terms
Identify / Describe (FRQ)
A short, specific statement; describing requires relevant characteristics, not a single word.
Explain / Justify (FRQ)
Give the cause-and-effect reasoning or evidence; a restated fact does not score.
Calculate
Show setup, substitution and the answer with units.
Predict
State the expected outcome; add a reason only if asked to justify.
MCQ technique
Read every option; eliminate distractors that are true statements but do not answer the question; watch for NOT/EXCEPT.

Exam technique

Keywords the mark scheme looks for in this lesson

Keywords the mark scheme looks for in this lesson
Ionic bond · Covalent bond · Metallic bond · Lewis structure · VSEPR theory · Polar bond · Hybridization
Learn each definition in the Key words tab exactly; a missing keyword in a definition usually loses the mark.

How to get full marks (examiner guidance)

1
Answer exactly what is asked; extra correct material does not earn credit, and contradictory statements can cancel credit (AP FRQ).
2
Use precise vocabulary (e.g. “active site”, “concentration gradient”, “allele”), never “it/stuff/things”.
3
Show units and working in calculations.
4
In MCQs, predict the answer before reading the options, then eliminate.

Last updated:

\n