- Read articles on climate change, climate justice and global environmental issues, and identify cause and effect.
- Extract key information from an interview with a meteorologist and use weather expressions accurately.
- Build compound nouns and define vocabulary from context.
🌳 Concept tree
Unit 3→Protect Nature, Protect Future — Reading, Listening and Vocabulary
├── Unit overview
│ ├── Learning outcomes
│ └── The unit's five lessons
├── Lesson 1→Climate Justice and Global Activism
│ ├── Main ideas and cause-effect chains
│ ├── Idioms of blame and responsibility
│ └── Compound nouns
├── Lesson 2→An Interview with a Meteorologist
│ ├── Weather expressions
│ └── Weather vocabulary
├── Lesson 4→Global Climate
│ ├── The two mechanisms of sea-level rise
│ └── Adaptation strategies
└── Vocabulary bank and exam traps
Learning outcomes
| Comparison aspect | Main idea | Keywords |
|---|
| Reading | - articles and texts on climate change
- climate justice and global environmental issues
- extracting key details
- defining vocabulary from context and understanding cause-and-effect relationships
| articlestextsclimatechange |
| Language | - modal verbs for logical deduction in the present and the past
- expressing blame or regret
| modalverbslogicaldeduction |
| Listening | key information from a radio interview with a meteorologist | informationradiointerviewmeteorologist |
| Writing | a persuasive essay on climate change using specific vocabulary and persuasive techniques | persuasiveessayclimatechange |
| Speaking | - group discussions and debates about climate change
- its effects and the role of individuals and youth activists
| groupdiscussionsdebatesclimate |
- Climate Justice and Global Activism
- An Interview with a Meteorologist
- Climate Change and Coastal Cities
- Global Climate
- How to Help Our Environment.
- The people who cause the least damage must not suffer the most — that is the core of climate justice.
- Individual action is small but not meaningless combined, small steps produce a large impact.
Main ideas
- Climate change is not only an environmental crisis but also a profound issue of global justice.
- Industrialised nations are largely responsible for most greenhouse gas emissions.
- Low-income and marginalised communities , particularly in the Global South, bear the brunt: rising sea levels, long droughts, food shortage and extreme weather events.
- Climate justice calls for fair policies, shared decisions and cooperation to correct the unequal burden.
- Youth are acting the Youth Climate Lab empowers young innovators to design sustainable energy projects and waste-reduction programmes, producing tangible results such as community solar projects and recycling campaigns.
- At its core, climate justice is about equity, responsibility and voice: without justice there can be no true solution.
Cause-and-effect chain in the text
| Cause |
Effect |
| Industrialised nations emit most greenhouse gases |
Global warming accelerates |
| Global warming raises temperatures and sea levels |
Droughts, food shortage, extreme weather |
| Low-income communities have few resources |
They suffer the worst consequences |
| Youth design local solutions |
Solar projects and recycling campaigns deliver real change |
| Idiom |
Register |
Meaning |
| bear the brunt |
formal |
to suffer the worst part of something bad |
| shoulder the burden |
formal |
to take responsibility for something difficult or unpleasant |
| take the heat |
informal |
to accept criticism or blame |
| face the music |
informal |
to accept the unpleasant results of your actions |
| Comparison aspect | Main idea | Keywords |
|---|
| • | - A compound noun is made of two nouns used together as one unit
- the first noun describes the second
| compoundnounmadenouns |
| Examples from the unit | - climate change
- greenhouse gas
- carbon footprint
- energy efficiency
- rainfall pattern
| climatechangegreenhousecarbon |
| Note the plural | - greenhouse gases
- rainfall patterns
| greenhousegasesrainfallpatterns |
| Comparison aspect | Main idea | Keywords |
|---|
| Which communities suffer the most from climate change? | - Low-income and marginalised communities
- particularly in the Global South
| incomemarginalisedparticularlyGlobal |
| What does "climate justice" emphasise? | - Fair policies
- shared decisions and cooperation to fix the unequal burdens of climate change
- with equity and a voice for those often unheard
| Fairpoliciesshareddecisions |
| According to the text, young people are demanding… | c. immediate and ambitious climate action | immediateambitiousclimateaction |
| "bear the brunt" means… | b. to suffer the worst effects | sufferworsteffects |
| Item |
Meaning |
| bear the brunt |
suffer the worst part of something |
| greenhouse gas emissions |
pollution that traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere |
| marginalised communities |
groups with little power or resources |
| equity |
fairness or equal treatment |
- Summarise each paragraph in one sentence before you answer; most main-idea questions are answered by that summary.
- Watch for connectors while, even though, as a result, so — they mark the cause-effect relationship the examiner asks about.
What a meteorologist does
- Studies the atmosphere and predicts the weather.
- Works with data and models to produce a forecast for the coming days.
- Warns the public about extreme weather such as heat waves and storms.
| Expression |
Meaning |
| scorching hot |
very hot |
| boiling |
extremely hot |
| baking |
very sunny and hot |
| freezing cold |
very cold |
| chilly |
a little cold |
| pouring with rain |
raining heavily |
| humid |
hot and wet |
| stormy |
with strong winds and rain |
| foggy |
with thick mist in the air |
| overcast |
cloudy and grey |
- a very long period of dangerously hot weather → heat wave
- someone who studies or predicts the weather → meteorologist
- the prediction of future weather conditions → forecast
- a weather condition that is unusually strong, dangerous or destructive → extreme weather
- very hot → scorching
- expecting a bad or negative outcome → pessimistic
| Sentence |
Answer |
| The … predicted thunderstorms across the northern region. |
meteorologist |
| It's absolutely … today — don't forget sunscreen and water! |
scorching |
| The country experienced a deadly … that lasted for two weeks. |
heat wave |
- Floods
- hurricanes and sandstorms are all examples of …
|
extreme weather |
- According to the five-day …
- temperatures will remain high
|
forecast |
| Some scientists feel … about the future of our climate. |
pessimistic |
- Do you agree with the meteorologist's view on climate change in Egypt?
- What might happen if the government does not act?
Key facts from the article
- Global sea level in 2016 was about 82 mm higher than the 1983 average.
- Projections suggest a rise of 0.2 to 2 metres by 2100.
- Coastal flooding has increased in many regions compared with the mid-20th century.
- An estimated 275 million people live in low-lying coastal zones exposed to floods, and most of the world's megacities are in coastal areas.
| Mechanism |
Explanation |
| Melting glaciers and ice sheets |
- Caused by rising global temperatures
- the dominant contributor over the past decade
|
| Thermal expansion of seawater |
Water expands as ocean temperatures increase. |
| Comparison aspect | Main idea | Keywords |
|---|
| • | - International agreements aim to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions
- but their ability to slow sea-level rise remains uncertain
| Internationalagreementsmitigategreenhouse |
| Adaptation | therefore becomes critical: amphibious architecture and large-scale coastal defence systems are being implemented in flood-prone regions | thereforebecomescriticalamphibious |
| The article's conclusion | both mitigation and adaptation are essential | bothmitigationadaptationessential |
- Sea-level rise projections for 2100 range from 0.2 to 2 metres. → T
- Thermal expansion of seawater is the only cause of rising sea levels. → F (there are two linked mechanisms)
- Most of the world's largest cities are far from coastal areas. → F
- Amphibious architecture is one example of an adaptation strategy. → T
- Climate migration could lead to population displacement. → T
| Sentence |
Answer |
| Building the bridge was a … project that took five years to finish. |
large-scale |
| The scientist explained the strange natural … to the students. |
phenomenon |
| Climate change may cause the … of millions of people to safer areas. |
migration |
| The young athlete has the … to become a world champion. |
potential |
| The red light on the machine … that it is not working properly. |
indicates |
| The teacher … the students on their trip. |
accompanied |
| The company plans an … of its offices to hire more employees. |
expansion |
| Word |
Part of speech |
Meaning |
Collocation / example |
| equity |
noun |
fairness or equal treatment |
climate equity |
| emissions |
noun |
gases released into the air |
greenhouse gas emissions |
| marginalised |
adjective |
having little power or resources |
marginalised communities |
| mitigate |
verb |
to make less severe |
mitigate the effects of pollution |
| adaptation |
noun |
changing to cope with new conditions |
adaptation strategies |
| phenomenon |
noun |
a natural or observable event (plural: phenomena) |
a strange natural phenomenon |
| thermal expansion |
noun phrase |
the increase in volume of a substance as it warms |
thermal expansion of seawater |
| migration |
noun |
movement of people or animals to a new area |
climate migration |
| forecast |
noun / verb |
a prediction of future weather |
a five-day forecast |
| heat wave |
noun |
a long period of dangerously hot weather |
a deadly heat wave |
| scorching |
adjective |
very hot |
a scorching afternoon |
| pessimistic |
adjective |
expecting a bad outcome |
pessimistic about the future |
| large-scale |
adjective |
involving many people or a large area |
a large-scale project |
| coastal |
adjective |
relating to the coast |
coastal cities |
| sustainable |
adjective |
able to continue without damaging resources |
sustainable choices |
💡 High-yield traps
| Comparison aspect | Main idea | Keywords |
|---|
| marginalised | - is about power and resources
- not about geography
- a poor community in a rich country is still marginalised
| powerresourcesgeographypoor |
| mitigate vs adapt | - mitigate attacks the cause (reduce emissions)
- adapt deals with the effect (sea walls)
| attackscausereduceemissions |
| bear the brunt | is followed by of: bear the brunt of climate change | followedclimatechange |
| phenomenon | - is singular
- the plural is phenomena — a favourite exam trap
| singularpluralphenomenafavourite |
| economic vs environmental | - both appear in this unit
- check
- one the sentence needs
| bothappearunitcheck |
| • | - In cause-effect questions
- the effect is not always in the same sentence as the cause
- follow the connectors
| causeeffectquestionsalways |