The schools

02The schools

• He built the schools that served economic and military development, between 1816 and 1839.
• Examples: the schools of engineering, medicine and pharmacy, and the schools of accounting, arts, manufactures, agriculture and veterinary science.
• At first they took pupils of al-Azhar and the kuttab who had a reasonable share of schooling, and later they became general and civil in character.
• This education created a civil culture different from the prevailing religious culture, so the duality of thought and culture arose — its roots beginning with the French Campaign.
• He created a special administration for the schools called Diwan al-Madaris (1837), which was the first ministry of education.