2-1 (a) Newton's second law as a differential equation
Point 1 of 7 — Motion with Variable Acceleration and ForceQuestion bank: 0 questions (0 with pictures)
01 2-1 (a) Newton's second law as a differential equation
The law
The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the force and in its direction: .
When the mass is constant this gives with the units chosen so that the constant of proportionality is 1 (newton for in kg andin m/s; dyne for g and cm/s).
1\ \text{kg·wt} = 9.8 N anddyne.
Three forms of the acceleration
Acceleration is, and by the chain rule with we also have
Which form to use depends on what the force depends on.
Point of comparison
Force depends on time
Force depends on position
Force depends on velocity
Equation used
or
Variables separated
or
First answer
(speed at a place)
or
Then
integrate again for
for
integrate for the other variable
Integrals that follow
Impulse–momentum: .
Work–energy: .
Constant acceleration is a special case: gives, and.
General method
Draw the body and the forces; take the direction of motion as positive.
Write the equation of motionand choose the form of.
Separate the variables and integrate between the initial and final values (limits), or integrate indefinitely and find the constant from the initial condition.
Keep units consistent.
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