Practice with full answer key

A. Complete with a modal of deduction

1. Many people in poor regions … (not cause) climate change, but they suffer the most. → can't have caused
2. That community … (experience) serious flooding after last week's hurricane. → must have experienced
3. Activists … (feel) frustrated when leaders ignore their demands. → may / might feel

B. Choose the correct answer

1. You haven't eaten anything since morning, you … be hungry.   a. must   b. might   c. can't   d. should → a
2. It's very cold outside, but the windows are open. He … have forgotten to close them.   a. must   b. should   c. can't   d. shouldn't → a
3. The alarm didn't go off last night, so it … have been turned off by mistake. I'm sure.   a. must   b. might   c. can't   d. should → a
4. There is no food in the fridge. She … have gone shopping this morning.   a. must   b. might   c. can't   d. may → b
5. The garden looks wet. It … have rained last night.   a. must   b. might   c. can't   d. should → a
6. He … be at home now because his car is not in the driveway.   a. must   b. might   c. can't   d. should → c
7. They … left early because their bags are gone.   a. must have   b. might have   c. can't have   d. should have → a
8. The lights are still on even though everyone left. Someone … forgotten to switch them off.   a. must have   b. might have   c. can't have   d. should have → a

C. Listening task: Climate Change and Coastal Cities

• Why are coastal cities like Alexandria at risk? What do scientists emphasise about sea levels? What problems do families and shop owners face? How can the state protect coastal areas? What can citizens do to help?
• Answer these from the audio track before you look at any transcript — the exam tests detail, not memory of the topic.