Unit flashcards
Unit 3: Interactions with the Environment — one card for every lesson
Unit 3 overview: Interactions with the Environment
Interactions with the Environment Tap to flipUnit 3 overview: Interactions with the Environment
Unit 3 overview — AQA SYNERGY: Interactions with the Environment — 3 topics and 26 lessons. Work through the lessons in order, then use each lesson's Key terms and Common mistakes tabs to revise.TopicLessons3.1 Lifestyle and Health3.1.1 Health and Disease3.1.2…
Open the lessonHealth and Disease
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3.1.1 Health and Disease — AQA SYNERGY notes: Define health and disease, distinguish communicable from non-communicable disease and explain how diseases interact and how they are measured.Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely…
Open the lessonRisk Factors For Non-Communicable Diseases
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3.1.2 Risk Factors For Non-Communicable Diseases — AQA SYNERGY notes: Define a risk factor, give examples that raise the chance of non-communicable disease, and interpret sampled data to judge whether a correlation shows a cause.Raises the chance, not a guaranteeRaises…
Open the lessonTreatments For Cardiovascular Disease
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3.1.3 Treatments For Cardiovascular Disease — AQA SYNERGY notes: Explain how coronary heart disease arises and compare stents, statins and other treatments, including their benefits and drawbacks.Coronary artery narrowing and coronary heart disease1Fatty plaque formsFatty plaque forms Fatty material collects…
Open the lessonHomeostasis
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3.1.4 Homeostasis — AQA SYNERGY notes: Define homeostasis, explain why the body must control its internal conditions, and describe the parts of a control system.Homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum…
Open the lessonInsulin and Diabetes
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3.1.5 Insulin and Diabetes — AQA SYNERGY notes: Describe how insulin and glucagon keep blood glucose steady by negative feedback, and compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes and their treatments.HomeostasisHomeostasis Keeping blood glucose inside a narrow range is one…
Open the lessonHuman Reproductive Hormones
Interactions with the Environment Tap to flipHuman Reproductive Hormones
3.1.6 Human Reproductive Hormones — AQA SYNERGY notes: Name the main sex hormones and their roles at puberty, and (HT only) explain how FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone control the menstrual cycle.TestosteroneTestosterone Made by the testes, it triggers male secondary…
Open the lessonContraception
Interactions with the Environment Tap to flipContraception
3.1.7 Contraception — AQA SYNERGY notes: Describe hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception and evaluate their effectiveness and drawbacks.Contraception is the prevention of pregnancy.Why contraception is usedIt allows couples to plan when to have children and how many to have,…
Open the lessonTreatments For Infertility (HT Only)
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3.1.8 Treatments For Infertility (HT Only) — AQA SYNERGY notes: Explain how fertility drugs and IVF work, and weigh up the medical, emotional, financial and ethical issues involved (HT only).DefinitionDefinition A couple is infertile when they cannot conceive naturally or…
Open the lessonAbsorption and Emission Of Radiation
Interactions with the Environment Tap to flipAbsorption and Emission Of Radiation
3.2.1 Absorption and Emission Of Radiation — AQA SYNERGY notes: Explain how electrons absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation when they change energy level, and why each element gives out its own characteristic frequencies.ArrangementArrangement Electrons in an atom occupy energy levels…
Open the lessonRadioactive Decay
Interactions with the Environment Tap to flipRadioactive Decay
3.2.2 Radioactive Decay — AQA SYNERGY notes: Explain why nuclei are unstable and write balanced equations for alpha, beta and gamma decay.1Radioactive decayRadioactive decay the emission of radiation from an unstable nucleus2Random processRandom process the nucleus that decays next, and…
Open the lessonDecay Equations
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3.2.3 Decay Equations — AQA SYNERGY notes: Write balanced nuclear equations for alpha, beta and gamma decay.In any nuclear reaction two quantities are conserved:Nucleon numberthe total nucleon number (mass number, A, the top numbers);Chargethe total charge (the proton number Z,…
Open the lessonHalf-Life
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3.2.4 Half-Life — AQA SYNERGY notes: Define half-life, use it to calculate how much of a sample or how much activity remains, and determine half-life from a decay curve.Because decay is random, we cannot say when a given nucleus will…
Open the lessonPenetration Properties Of Radiations
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3.2.5 Penetration Properties Of Radiations — AQA SYNERGY notes: Describe alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation and compare their charge, range in air, penetrating power and ionising ability.Alpha (α)Alpha (α) An alpha particle is identical to a helium nucleus: two…
Open the lessonContamination and Irradiation
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3.2.6 Contamination and Irradiation — AQA SYNERGY notes: Distinguish between contamination by a radioactive material and irradiation by an external source, and explain how the two are controlled.People and objects can be exposed to radioactive sources in two quite different…
Open the lessonIonising Radiations
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3.2.7 Ionising Radiations — AQA SYNERGY notes: Explain what ionisation is, rank alpha, beta and gamma by ionising power and range, and use the sievert to describe radiation dose.1Ionising radiation carries enough energy to remove outer electrons from atoms it…
Open the lessonHazardous Effects Of Radiation
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3.2.8 Hazardous Effects Of Radiation — AQA SYNERGY notes: Explain how ionising radiation damages cells and can cause cancer, distinguish benign from malignant tumours, and describe precautions that limit exposure.1Atoms are ionisedAtoms are ionised Ionising radiation strips electrons from atoms…
Open the lessonSpread Of Communicable Diseases
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3.3.1 Spread Of Communicable Diseases — AQA SYNERGY notes: Describe the types of pathogen, how they spread and are controlled, and give named examples including measles, HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, cholera and others.A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease. Four…
Open the lessonHuman Communicable Diseases
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3.3.2 Human Communicable Diseases — AQA SYNERGY notes: Describe how salmonella, gonorrhoea, measles and HIV are spread, what symptoms they cause, and how each can be treated or prevented.DiseasePathogenSpreadMain effectsControlSalmonella food poisoningBacteriumEating contaminated food or food prepared in unhygienic conditionsFever,…
Open the lessonDefences Against Pathogens
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3.3.3 Defences Against Pathogens — AQA SYNERGY notes: Describe the physical and chemical barriers that make up the non-specific defences of the human body, and explain how white blood cells respond if pathogens get inside.SkinSkin A physical barrier that covers…
Open the lessonThe Human Immune System
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3.3.4 The Human Immune System — AQA SYNERGY notes: Describe how antibodies and memory cells produce a specific immune response and how this gives immunity, and interpret graphs of the primary and secondary response.Every cell has molecules on its surface…
Open the lessonVaccination
Interactions with the Environment Tap to flipVaccination
3.3.5 Vaccination — AQA SYNERGY notes: Explain how vaccination provides immunity, and evaluate its benefits and risks to individuals and populations.Vaccination and immunological memoryVaccination gives a person immunity to a disease without them having to suffer it. A vaccine contains…
Open the lessonMedicines
Interactions with the Environment Tap to flipMedicines
3.3.6 Medicines — AQA SYNERGY notes: Distinguish medicines that treat the cause of disease from those that treat symptoms, and explain how antibiotic resistance develops and can be slowed.Medicine typeWhat it doesExampleWorks on viruses?AntibioticKills bacteria or stops them growing, so…
Open the lessonTesting New Drugs
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3.3.7 Testing New Drugs — AQA SYNERGY notes: Outline the stages used to test a new drug for toxicity, efficacy and dose, and explain why placebos and double-blind trials make results reliable.ToxicityToxicity Is the drug harmful, and what side effects…
Open the lessonGenetic Modification
Interactions with the Environment Tap to flipGenetic Modification
3.3.8 Genetic Modification — AQA SYNERGY notes: Genetic modification; Making human insulin with bacteria (Supplement); GM crops: advantages and disadvantages.Genetic modificationGenetic modification is changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes,which may come from…
Open the lessonStem Cells
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3.3.9 Stem Cells — AQA SYNERGY notes: Describe the types and sources of stem cells, and evaluate their uses and the ethical issues involved.A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that can divide by mitosis to produce more cells and…
Open the lessonInteractions Between Different Types Of Disease
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3.3.10 Interactions Between Different Types Of Disease — AQA SYNERGY notes: Give examples of how infectious disease, cancer, immune defects, allergies and mental illness can influence one another.Interacting diseasesWeak immune systemWeak immune system A defect in the immune system makes…
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