2.0 Overview: Cells, Development, Biodiversity and Conservation

Unit 2 — Complete A Level and AS source notes

2.1 SNAB Cell Structure & Organisation

SNAB Cell Structure & Organisation - Check yourself

2.2 SNAB Reproduction & Inheritance

Mitosis and stem cells — image-based practice (1 question)

2.3 SNAB Cell Division

SNAB Cell Division - Check yourself

2.4 SNAB Differentiation & Variation

SNAB Differentiation & Variation - Check yourself

2.5 SNAB Biodiversity

SNAB Biodiversity - Check yourself

2.6 SNAB Resources from Plants

2.6 SNAB Resources from Plants — Notes – Exam questions

Cells, Development, Biodiversity and Conservation — Past papers

Unit 2 - Assignment: Cells, Development, Biodiversity and Conservation

2.1.1 Properties of Gas Exchange Surfaces

2.1.3 Core Practical 3: Investigating Membrane Structure and Permeability

2.1.4 Osmosis

2.1.5 Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion and Active Transport

2.2.1 Amino Acids, Proteins and Protein Structure

2.2.2 Enzymes - Roles and Modes of Action

2.2.3 Core Practical 4 - Investigating the Rate of Enzyme Reactions

2.2.4 Nucleotides, DNA and RNA, Base Pairing

2.3.1 DNA Replication

2.3.2 The Nature of the Genetic Code

2.3.3 How Bases Code for a Polypeptide Chain

2.3.4 Transcription and Translation

2.4.1 Mutations

2.4.2 Patterns of Inheritance and Sex Linkage

2.4.3 Cystic Fibrosis

2.4.4 Genetic Screening

2.4.5 Ethical and Social Issues of Genetic Screening

8.4.3 Transfer of Recombinant DNA into Other Cells

3.1 Practical Skills in Biology I

Practical Skills in Biology I — Past papers

3.2 Using a light microscope and cell ultrastructure

3.2 Using a light microscope and cell ultrastructure – Exam questions

Unit 3 — Practical Skills in Biology I - Check yourself

Unit 3 - Assignment: Practical Skills in Biology I

3.1.1 Cell Theory

3.1.2 Levels of Organisation of Cells

3.1.3 Eukaryotic Cells

3.1.4 The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi

3.1.5 Prokaryotic Cells

3.1.6 Electron Microscopy of Animal Cells

3.1.7 Microscopy - Magnification and Resolution

3.1.8 Core Practical 5 - Light Microscopy

3.2.1 Gene Locus

3.2.10 Cell Specialisation

3.2.11 Post-Transcriptional Changes to mRNA

3.2.12 Gene Interaction and Epigenetics

3.2.13 Polygenic Inheritance and Continuous Variation

3.2.2 Meiosis and Variation

3.2.3 Mammalian Gametes

3.2.4 Fertilisation in Mammals

3.2.5 Fertilisation in Flowering Plants

3.2.6 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

3.2.7 Core Practical 6: Observing the Stages of Mitosis

3.2.8 Calculation of Mitotic Index

3.2.9 Stem Cells and Cell Potency

7.1.7 Core Practical 15: Investigation of Respiration in Yeast

7.1.8 Core Practical 16: Respirometer to Calculate RQ

7.2.7 Core Practical 17: The Effects of Exercise

8.2.2 Core Practical 18: Amylase in Germinating Cereal Grains

Unit 4 — Complete A Level and AS source notes

4.1 Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis - Check yourself

4.2 Ecosystems & Energy Transfer

Ecosystems & Energy Transfer - Check yourself

4.3 Climate Change

4.4 Evolution

Evolution - Check yourself

4.5 Microorganisms & Immunity

Microorganisms & Immunity - Check yourself

4.6 Forensics

4.6 Forensics – Exam questions

Unit 4 - Assignment: Energy, Environment, Microbiology and Immunity

4.1.1 Plant Cell Structure

4.1.2 Electron Microscopy of Plant Cells

4.1.3 Starch and Cellulose: Structure and Function

4.1.4 Properties of Cellulose and Plant Fibres

4.1.5 The Vascular Structure of Plants

4.1.6 Core Practical 7: Identifying Tissue Types Within Stems

4.2.1 Plant-Based Products for Sustainability

4.2.2 Water and Inorganic Ions in Plants

4.2.3 Core Practical 8: Determining the Tensile Strength of Plant Fibres

4.3.1 Bacterial Growth Conditions

4.3.2 Plant Products with Antimicrobial Properties

4.3.3 Core Practical 9: Antimicrobial Properties of Plants

4.3.4 Development of Drugs and Drug Testing

4.4.1 The Three Domains of Life

4.4.2 The Variety of Life

4.4.3 Biodiversity and Endemism

4.4.4 Species Richness and Heterozygosity Index

4.4.5 Index of Biodiversity

4.4.6 Ecological Niches and Adaptations

4.4.7 Hardy-Weinberg Equation

4.4.8 Roles of Seed Banks and Zoos in Conservation

Unit 5 — Complete A Level and AS source notes

5.1 Muscles & Movement

Muscles & Movement - Check yourself

5.2 Respiration

Respiration - Check yourself

5.3 Exercise

Exercise - Check yourself

5.4 Homeostasis

5.5 Response to the Environment

Response to the Environment - Check yourself

5.6 The Brain, Behaviour & Disease

5.6 The Brain, Behaviour & Disease – Exam questions

IAL Biology Linear Unit 5 - Assignment: Respiration, Internal Environment, Coordination and Gene Technology

5.1.1 Photosynthesis: Overview

5.1.2 The Role of ATP in Photosynthesis

5.1.3 Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent Stage

5.1.4 Photosynthesis: Light-Independent Stage

5.1.5 Chloroplasts

5.1.6 Absorption and Action Spectra

5.1.7 Separation of Photosynthetic Pigments with Chromatography

5.1.8 Core Practical 10: Rate of Photosynthesis

5.2.1 Ecological Productivity

5.2.2 Energy and Biomass Transfers

5.2.3 Ecology: Key Terms

5.2.4 Factors Affecting Populations

5.2.5 Niche

5.2.6 Core Practical 11: Quadrat and Transect Study

5.2.7 Ecological Succession

5.3.1 Evidence for Climate Change

5.3.10 Contentious Issues in Environmental Science

5.3.11 Examples of Sustainable Conservation

5.3.2 Anthropogenic Climate Change

5.3.3 Carbon Cycle and Environmental Management

5.3.4 Models for Predicting Climate Change

5.3.5 How Climate Change Affects Species

5.3.6 The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Reactions

5.3.7 Core Practical 12: Effect of Temperature on Development

5.3.8 Mutation, Natural Selection and Evolution

5.3.9 Isolation and Speciation

7.1.1 Overview of Respiration

7.3.7 Control of Gene Expression

8.2.3 Nervous and Hormonal Coordination

6.1 Practical Skills in Biology II

Practical Skills in Biology II — Past papers

Unit 6 — Practical Skills in Biology II - Check yourself

IAL Biology Linear Unit 6 - Assignment: Practical Skills in Biology II

6.1.1 Culturing Microorganisms

6.1.2 Measuring the Growth of Microorganisms

6.1.3 The Bacterial Growth Curve

6.1.4 Core Practical 13: Rate of Growth of Microorganisms

6.1.5 Comparison of Bacterial and Viral Structure

6.2.1 Tuberculosis and HIV

6.2.2 Pathogens: Routes of Entry

6.2.3 Non-Specific Immune Responses

6.2.4 Specific Immune Responses

6.2.5 Lymphocytes: Types and Roles

6.2.6 Developing Immunity

6.2.7 Pathogens vs Hosts: An Evolutionary Race

6.3.2 Core Practical 14: The Effects of Different Antibiotics

6.3.3 Current Usage of Antibiotics

6.4.1 The Role of Microorganisms

6.5.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction

6.5.2 Gel Electrophoresis in Forensics

6.5.3 DNA Profiling

6.5.4 Types of Data Provided by Forensic Analysis

7.1.3 Link Reaction and Krebs Cycle

7.1.6 Respiratory Quotient

7.2.1 The Musculoskeletal System

7.2.2 The Muscle Fibre

7.2.3 The Process of Skeletal Muscle Contraction

7.2.4 The Role of Muscle in the Cardiac Cycle

7.2.5 Calculation of Cardiac Output

7.2.6 The Role of Adrenaline

7.3.1 Negative and Positive Feedback

7.3.3 The Kidney: Structure

7.3.4 Urea as a Waste Product

7.3.5 Selective Reabsorption in the Kidney

7.3.6 Hormones in Osmoregulation

8.1.1 Neurones: Types and Functions

8.1.10 Central and Peripheral Nervous System

8.1.2 How a Response Is Generated by Effectors

8.1.3 The Reflex Arc

8.1.4 The Nerve Impulse

8.1.5 Myelination and Saltatory Conduction

8.1.6 Synapses and Neurotransmitters

8.1.7 The Effects of Drugs on Nervous Transmission

8.1.8 Detection of Stimuli

8.1.9 Habituation

8.2.1 Effects of Plant Hormones

8.4.1 Drug Production from Genetically Modified Organisms

8.4.2 Recombinant DNA

8.4.5 Bioinformatics

8.4.6 Risks and Benefits of Using GMOs